Religious Freedom in Tanzania: Balancing Diversity and Social Cohesion in a Multicultural Society
| dc.contributor.author | Libela, Alimia | |
| dc.contributor.editor | Lizak, Jadwiga (red.) | |
| dc.contributor.editor | Sidor, Maria Wanda (red.) | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-08-25T12:55:11Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025 | |
| dc.description.abstract | This article examines the relationship between religious freedom and social cohesion in Tanzania as a religiously pluralistic society. Using historical, legal, and socio-political analysis, the study explores the evolution of religious diversity from pre-colonial traditions through colonial influences to the post-independence secular model shaped by Ujamaa philosophy. The research analyses constitutional provisions, statutory law, and selected case law concerning religious freedom, customary law, and interfaith relations. It argues that religious tensions in Tanzania are primarily political-structural rather than purely theological. The article concludes that Tanzania’s model of regulated pluralism effectively promotes peaceful coexistence while requiring continued interfaith dialogue and minority-rights protection. | en_US |
| dc.description.abstract | Artykuł analizuje relacje między wolnością religijną a spójnością społeczną w pluralistycznej religijnie Tanzanii. Przedstawia rozwój różnorodności wyznaniowej – od tradycji przedkolonialnych, przez okres kolonialny, po świecki model pospodległościowy ukształtowany filozofią Ujamaa. Omawia konstytucyjne i ustawowe gwarancje wolności religijnej, ze szczególnym naciskiem na model regulowanego pluralizmu – praktyki religijne i zwyczajowe są dopuszczalne w granicach nadrzędności konstytucji, równości i godności człowieka. Praca argumentuje, że konflikty religijne rzadko mają charakter czysto teologiczny, częściej polityczno-strukturalny (formowanie tożsamości, rywalizacja o władzę, debaty o modelach rządzenia). Proponuje wielowarstwowy model rozumienia napięć religijnych. Tanzania skutecznie łączy różnorodność z pokojem społecznym. Wnioskuję, że Tanzania jest dobrym przykładem współistnienia międzywyznaniowego, lecz harmonia wymaga włączającego zarządzania, dialogu międzyreligijnego i ochrony praw mniejszości. | pl |
| dc.identifier.citation | Libela, A. (2025). Religious Freedom in Tanzania: Balancing Diversity and Social Cohesion in a Multicultural Society. W: J. Lizak, M. W. Sidor (red.), Nowe wyzwania w naukach społecznych i technicznych: podejście interdyscyplinarne (t. 2) (s. 1-). Wydawnictwo WSB-NLU. | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.66935/978-83-65926-17-3.22 | |
| dc.identifier.isbn | 978-83-65926-17-3 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repozytorium.wsb-nlu.edu.pl/handle/11199/11425 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.publisher | Wydawnictwo WSB-NLU | |
| dc.relation.ispartof | Nowe wyzwania w naukach społecznych: podejście interdyscyplinarne | |
| dc.relation.references | Afolaranmi, A. O. (2022). Conflict Management Mechanisms through Social Media among the Nigerian Baptist Pastors. IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences, 18(1), 1-12. https://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v18.n1.p1 | |
| dc.relation.references | Anthony, D. H. (2002). Islam in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Studies in Contemporary Islam, 4(2), 21-40. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269691211_Islam_In_Dar_es_SalaamTanzania_Studies_in_Contemporary_Islam_4_2002_221-40 | |
| dc.relation.references | Asante, M. K., & Mazama, A. (2009). Encyclopedia of African Religion, Volume 1. SAGE. | |
| dc.relation.references | Bakari, R. J., & Suleiman, J. E. (2017). Peacebuilding and interreligious cooperation in Tanzania: A case study of the Tanzania Interfaith Partnership. Journal of Interreligious Studies, (19), 1-19. | |
| dc.relation.references | Boesl, H. (2023). The concept of Ujamaa and its impact on postcolonial Tanzania. The Voices from Tanzania, 4,1-10. https://www.kas.de/en/web/tanzania Accessed 28 March 2025. | |
| dc.relation.references | Davidson, B. (1980). The African Slave Trade. James Currey. | |
| dc.relation.references | Delehanty, S. (2020). From Modernization to Villagization: The World Bank and Ujamaa. Diplomatic History, 44(2), 289-314. https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhz074 | |
| dc.relation.references | Fischer, M. (2011). “The Spirit helps us in our weakness”: Charismatization of Worldwide Christianity and the Quest for an Appropriate Pneumatology with Focus on the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania. Journal of Pentecostal Theology, 20(1), 96-121. https://doi.org/10.1163/174552511X554573 | |
| dc.relation.references | Galtung, J. (1976). Peace, War, and Defense: Essays in Peace Research. Christian Ejlers. | |
| dc.relation.references | Girard, R. (1987). Generative Scapegoating In R. G. Hammerton-Kelly (Ed.), Violent Origins: Walter Burkert, René Girard, and Jonathan Z. Smith on Ritual Killing and Cultural Formation (pp. 73-147). Stanford University Press. | |
| dc.relation.references | Halloran, K. (2013). Then and Now: Engaging Religious Diversity in Tanzania. JYAN Blog, retrieved from: https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/posts/then-and-now-engaging-religious-diversity-in-tanzania Accessed 28 March 2025. | |
| dc.relation.references | Heilman, B. E., & Kaiser, P. J. (2002). Religion, Identity and Politics in Tanzania. Third World Quarterly, 23(4), 691–709. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3993483 | |
| dc.relation.references | Huizer, G. (1973). The Ujamaa village program in Tanzania: new forms of rural development. Institute of Social Studies. | |
| dc.relation.references | Jabłońska, P. (2022). Wolność religijna w prawodawstwie polskim. Libertas Religiosa, 1, 40-66. https://czasopisma.uksw.edu.pl/lr/article/view/11565/10036 | |
| dc.relation.references | Jabłońska, P. (2023). Dziecko jako podmiot wolności religijnej. Wydawnictwo UKSW. https://centrumwolnosci.uksw.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/sites/30/2023/06/Dziecko_jako_podmiot_wolnosci-Paulina_Jablonska.pdf | |
| dc.relation.references | Jabłońska, P. (2026). Analysis of Religious Freedom for Christians in Tanzania: 2024 Report. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18221469 | |
| dc.relation.references | Jennings, M. (2017). Ujamaa. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.172 | |
| dc.relation.references | Joel, C. (2023). National Profiles. The ARDA. https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=219c#IRFDEMOG | |
| dc.relation.references | Kafumu, G. P. (2017). The History of Evangelization in Tanzania. Africa Tomorrow, 19(1-2), 223-240. | |
| dc.relation.references | Lal, P. (2010). Militants, mothers, and the national family: Ujamaa, gender, and rural development in postcolonial Tanzania. The Journal of African History, 51(1), 1–20. DOI: 10.1017/S0021853710000010 | |
| dc.relation.references | Larsen, K. (2024). 6 Politics, Lived Islam and Muslim Public Discourse in Zanzibar: Reflections on Cultural Identity, Belonging and Governance, 1984–2016. In F. Toan, K. Kresse, E. Stiles, H. Mwakimako (eds.) Governance and Islam in East Africa (pp. 143-159). Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474482998-009 | |
| dc.relation.references | LeSage, A. (2014). The Rising Terrorist Threat in Tanzania: Domestic Islamist Militancy and Regional Threats. Strategic Forums. 88, https://digitalcommons.ndu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=strategic-forums | |
| dc.relation.references | Lupa, R. (2017). Religious Tolerance, Transnational Dynamics and the State in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Sociology, 2/3, 85-102. | |
| dc.relation.references | Makanisa mengine manne yachomwa Tanzania - BBC News Swahili https://www.bbc.com/swahili/habari/2015/0boesl9/150929_churches | |
| dc.relation.references | Marlowe, F. W. (2010). The Hadza: Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania. University of California Press. | |
| dc.relation.references | Mpehongwa, G., & Rashidi, A. (2026) The Role of Religious Leaders in Community Conflict Resolution in Tanzania: An Ethnographic Study in Mtwara–Mikindani Municipality. East African Journal of Traditions, Culture and Religion, 9(1), 146-167. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajtcr.9.1.4795 | |
| dc.relation.references | Mrutu, P. (2023). Examining the role of religious institutions in peacebuilding and conflict management in Tanzania: A case of Lutheran Church in Arusha City Council. Master of Arts in Peace and Security Studies (MA-PSS). Institute of Accountancy Arusha. | |
| dc.relation.references | Mshani, A. A., & Ndaluka, T. J. (2024). The mechanisms for resolving conflicts within the Moravian Church in southern and southwest Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Sociology, 10(2), 1-16. | |
| dc.relation.references | Mwananchi, (2013). Kanisa la Kiinjili la Kilutheri Tanzania (KKKT) Dayosisi ya Mashariki na Pwani Limeshambuliwa kwa kutumia mabomu ya petroli wakati waumini wakiendelea na sala mkesha Dar es Salaam. https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/kanisa-lachomwa-moto-dar-2755234 Accessed 28 March 2025. | |
| dc.relation.references | Mwananchi. (2021). Masheikh wa UAMSHO Tanzania wafanyiwa uchunguzi wa afya zao. https://www.mwananchi.co.tz/mw/habari/kitaifa/masheikh-wa-uamsho-wafutiwa-kesi-waanza-kutoka-gerezani-3439250 Accessed 28 March 2025 | |
| dc.relation.references | Nyerere, J. (1968). Ujamaa: The basis for African socialism. Oxford University Press. https://www.juliusnyerere.org/uploads/ujamaa_1962.pdf | |
| dc.relation.references | Pew Research Center. (2010). The Global Religious Landscape. Table: Religious Composition by Country. p. 50. https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf | |
| dc.relation.references | Pratt, C. (1999). Julius Nyerere: Reflections on the Legacy of his Socialism. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 33(1), 137-152. | |
| dc.relation.references | Ramadhani, L. (2017). Identity Politics and Conflicts in Zanzibar. The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs, 44(2), 172-202. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45341744 | |
| dc.relation.references | Ramadhani, L. (2017). Religious Tolerance, Transnational Dynamics and the State in Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Sociology, 2/3, 85-102. | |
| dc.relation.references | Rene Girard and the Scapegoat. (n.d.). University of Kentucky College of Arts & Sciences. https://mcl.as.uky.edu/node/209155 | |
| dc.relation.references | Shoup, J. A. (2011). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 67. | |
| dc.relation.references | Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.) The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Brooks/Cole. | |
| dc.relation.references | TANU. (1967). The Arusha Declaration. Dar es Salaam. https://library.fes.de/fulltext/bibliothek/2-tanzania-s0019634.pdf | |
| dc.relation.references | Tanzania Specialist. (2024). Religion in Tanzania: A Statistical and Cultural Overview. https://tanzania-specialist.com/religion-in-tanzania/#:~:text=Though%20overshadowed%20by%20the%20country%27s,bonds%20and%20preserve%20cultural%20identity | |
| dc.relation.references | Turner, J. H. (1975). Marx and Simmel Revisited: Reassessing the Foundations of Conflict Theory. Social Forces, 53(4), 618–627. https://doi.org/10.2307/2576477 | |
| dc.relation.references | U.S. Department of State. (2022). Report on International Religious Freedom: Tanzania. Office of International Religious Freedom. https://2021-2025.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/tanzania/ | |
| dc.relation.references | Yonge, B. (1979). The rise and fall of the Chagga empire. Kenya Past and Present, (11), 43-48. | |
| dc.relation.references | The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of 1986. | |
| dc.relation.references | The Basic Rights and Duties Enforcement Act [Chapter 3 Revised Edition of 2023]. | |
| dc.relation.references | Bernado Ephraim v. Holaria Pastory and Another, Civil Appeal Number 70 of 1989 | |
| dc.relation.references | The Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania [Chapter 2 Revised Edition of 1977]. | |
| dc.relation.references | Director of Public Prosecution v. Daudi Pete [1993] T.L.R 22 | |
| dc.relation.references | Hamisi Rajabu Dibagula v. The Republic (Criminal Appeal 53 of 2001) | |
| dc.relation.references | The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966. | |
| dc.relation.references | John Mwombeki Byombaliwa v. Regional Commissioner and Regional Police Commander, Bukobaand Another [1986] T.L.R 73 | |
| dc.relation.references | The Penal Code [Chapter 16 Revised Edition of 2023]. | |
| dc.relation.references | The Public Holidays Act [Chapter 35 Revised Edition of 2023]. | |
| dc.relation.references | Regina v. Secretary of State for Education and Employment, ex parte Williamson [2005] UKHL 15 | |
| dc.relation.references | Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem [2004] 2 S.C.R. 551 | |
| dc.relation.references | Zakaria Kamwela and 126 Others v. The Minister of Education and Vocational Training, and the Attorney General (Civil Appeal 3 of 2012) | |
| dc.rights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 | |
| dc.subject | religious freedom | en_US |
| dc.subject | Tanzania | en_US |
| dc.subject | social cohesion | en_US |
| dc.subject | interfaith relations | en_US |
| dc.subject | religious diversity | en_US |
| dc.subject | wolność religijna | pl |
| dc.subject | Tanzania | pl |
| dc.subject | spójność społeczna | pl |
| dc.subject | relacje międzywyznaniowe | pl |
| dc.subject | różnorodność religijna | pl |
| dc.title | Religious Freedom in Tanzania: Balancing Diversity and Social Cohesion in a Multicultural Society | |
| dc.title.alternative | Wolność religijna w Tanzanii. Równowaga między różnorodnością a spójnością społeczną w społeczeństwie wielokulturowym | pl |
| dc.type | Book chapter |
